TRANSLATION PROCEDURES

1.      Transference: it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes transliteration and is the same as what Harvey (2000:5) named "transcription."

·         Durian : Durian

·         Novel : Novel

·         Gong : gong

·         Virus : virus

·         Drama : drama

·         Piano : piano

2.      Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL. (Newmark, 1988b:82)

·         Productive : produktif

·         Account : akun

·         Compensation : Kompensasi

·         Bamboo : bambu

·         Cafe : kafe

·         Crisis : krisis

·         Camera : kamera

·         Profile : profil

·         Tattoo : tato

·         Yoghurt : yogurt

3. Cultural equivalent: it means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one. however, "they are not accurate" (Newmark, 1988b:83)

·         Cup cake : bolu kukus

·         Pancake : serabi

4. Functional equivalent: it requires the use of a culture-neutral word. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

·         Karate : Silat

·         Samurai : Pedang

·         Kimono : baju tidur

5. Descriptive equivalent: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained in several words. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

·         Savannah : padang rumput yang sangat luas (tidak terdapat pohon, hanya rumput liar)

·         Panetto (Italia) : traditional Italian cake eaten on New Year’s Eve’ (Inggris)

·         Dandang : large metal vessel for steaming rice

6. Componential analysis: it means "comparing an SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components." (Newmark, 1988b:114)

·         Honorable : yang terhormat

·         Okay, Let’s get started : oke, mari di mulai

7. Synonymy: it is a "near TL equivalent." Here economy trumps accuracy. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

·         It isn’t expensive : It’s cheap.

·         The boy is tall : the boy isn’t short

8. Through-translation: it is the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also be called: calque or loan translation. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

·         Almighty (inggris) : omnipotens (latin)

·         Normal school (inggris) : Ecole Normale ( Francis)

9. Shifts or transpositions: it involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, (i) change from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth. (Newmark, 1988b:86)

·         Keyword (compound) : Kata kunci  (Phrase)

·         Mouse : Mice

10. Modulation: it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective. (Newmark, 1988b:88)

·         He was killed in the war : Dia gugur dalam perang

·         You are going to have a child : You are going to be a father

11. Recognized translation: it occurs when the translator "normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term." (Newmark, 1988b:89)

·         RRC :  Republic Rakyat Cina

·         ASEAN : Association of South East Nations

12. Compensation: it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part. (Newmark, 1988b:90)

·         Have a nice day : semoga menjadi hari yang menyenangkan

·         Your mother law is very kind person : ibu mertuamu adalah orang yang sangat baik

13. Paraphrase: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

·         Ramadhan : the muslim month of fasting

·         Alay : the way a person using an informal language style or personal embellishment, usually it is used by adolescence.

·         Selfie : when people take a picture by theirselves

14. Couplets: it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

·         The length is 10 feets : panjangnya 10 kaki, 1 kaki = 0,4 meter

15. Notes: notes are additional information in a translation. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

·         “So hyun-ah¹, please come in!” : ¹ panggilan akrab, digunakan jika huruf terakhir nama yang dipanggil adalah huruf konsonan.

·         “Oppa² . . . I miss you.” : ² kakak laki-laki, diucapkan oleh perempuan.

Figurative Languages

Metaphors

1.      Life is a journey.

2.      The skies of his future began to darken.

3.      What storms then shook the ocean of my sleep.

4.      Her eyes were fireflies.

5.      Laughter is the music of the soul.

Similes

1.      Cute as a kitten.

2.      As white as a ghost.

3.      As sweet as sugar.

4.      Act like an animal.

5.      Sing like an angel.

Allusions

1.    You're a regular Einstein.

2.    That man is so narcissistic.

3.    Do not act like a Romeo in front of her.

4.    Hey! Guess who the new Newton of our school is?

5.    Stop acting like my ex-boy please.